[文学]古文英译.ppt

三、汉语文言与现代英语的 比较及翻译 （一）汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要相似点及其翻译 1、文言判断句与英语SVC句型 2、文言被动句与英语的被动句 （二）汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要差异及其翻译 1、意合与形合 (parataxis vs. hypotaxis) 2、汉语动词优势与英语名词、介词、分词优势 3、重复与替代 (repetition vs. substitution) 4、省略与完备 (omission vs. comprehensiveness) （一）汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要相似点及其翻译 1、文言判断句与英语SVC句型 判断句是对事物的性质、情况、事物之间的关系做出肯定或否定判断的句子。 文言中的判断句式有： 1）用“者”或“也”表判断； 2）用副词“乃”、“则”、“即”、“皆”、“耳”等表判断； 3）用动词“为”或“是”表判断； 4）用否定副词“非”等表示否定判断。 英语SVC结构为：主语 + 谓语 + 主语补足语；主语补足语常置于连系动词之后。 师者，所以传道、授业、解惑也。 （韩愈《师说》） 1) A teacher is one who passes on the truth, imparts knowledge and solve puzzles. 2) A teacher is one by whom the courses are taught and the Tao is handed down to the students. Under this teacher’s guidance, the perplexities of the students are removed. 2、文言被动句与英语的被动句 文言文中的被动句大多借助一些被动词来表示，这一标记相当于英语被动句中的by。 1）用介词“于”、“受……于……”表示，相当于英语的被动句be + done by sb. 劳心者治人，劳力者治于人。（《孟子》） Those who work with their minds rule others; those who work with their strength are ruled by others. 吾不能举全吴之地，十万之众，受制于人。 （司马光《资治通鉴》） With all my land of Wu and all my troops of a hundred thousand strong, I cannot let myself be resigned to a rule by aliens. （谢百魁译，《中国历代散文一百篇》Chinese Prose Writings Through the Ages，中国对外翻译出版公司，1996.） 2）“见”字式被动句。 赵王与大将军廉颇诸大臣谋：预予秦，秦城恐不能得，徒见欺；欲勿予，即患秦兵之来。（司马迁《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》） The king took counsel with General Lian Po and his chief ministers, who feared that if the jade were sent to Qin they might be cheated and get no cities in return, yet if they refused the soldiers of Qin might attack. （杨宪益、戴乃迭选译） 3）“为”、“为……所……”被动句 君王为人不忍。若入前为寿，寿毕，请以剑舞，因击沛公于坐，杀之。不者，若属皆且为所虏! （司马迁《史记·项羽本纪》） Our lord is too kind-hearted. Go in, drink a toast and offer to perform a sword dance. Then strike the lord of Pei down where he sits. If you don’t do this, we will all be captured by him in the future. 4）“被”字式被动句 信而见疑， 忠而被谤，能无怨乎？ （司马迁《史记· 屈原列传》） Can the faithful being suspected and the loyal being slandered have no complaints? （二）汉语文言与现代英语句法结构的主要差异及其翻译 1、意合与形合 (parataxis vs. hypotaxi