[历史学]西方文明史.ppt

西方文化 主讲：卢晓季（副教授） 一 西方文化的起源 Source of Western Culture Western civilization has a long history as long as Eastern civilization, and has lasted almost 5000 years since the origin of Cretan society.(克里特文化). Ancient Greek culture includes Cretan civilization and the Mycenaean culture ( 迈锡尼文化). 克里特文化 Cretan society lasted from 2500BC to 1125BC. Its high peak is the ruins of the imperial palace discovered in Knossos(克诺索斯), the capital of the Minoan Dynasty.( 米诺斯王朝) The Dorians ( 多里亚人) from Greece intruded in the 12th century BC and Cretan civilization sank into oblivion. 迈锡尼文化 The ruins of Mycenaean culture was first discovered by the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann in the 1870s. Mycenaean culture was created by Achaean(阿卡亚人) in 16th century BC and destroyed by Dorians in 12th century. It left us the scripts of Linear B (B型线行文字). The Trojan War broke out at the end of Mycenaean civilization. The Trojan war had helped to produce two famous epics, Odyssey（《奥德塞》 and Iliad（《伊利亚特》）. 二古希腊神话 （Ancient Greek Mythology） 序言： 希腊神话有神的故事和英雄传说两大类。神的故事包括开天辟地、神的产生和谱系以及人类起源等。据说宇宙之初，有一位地母该亚，她生出天神乌拉诺斯。乌拉诺斯又与该亚生出六男刘女，总名为提坦（Titan Giants）。乌拉诺斯将子女囚于地下，而儿子克隆诺斯奋起反抗，夺取了父亲的权位，并娶妹妹瑞亚为妻。克隆诺斯听说自己将被一个儿子推翻，便吞掉所生的子女，但儿子宙斯被瑞亚藏了起来。宙斯成年后，果然打败克隆诺斯，成为万神之王，建立起奥林波斯神系，他的众多儿女也成为各有司职的神祗。希腊神话的特点是人神同形。 英雄传说歌颂战斗中建立功勋的各氏族部落的英雄。这些英雄都是神与人之子，体魄强健，智慧超群，反映了古希腊人民战天斗地的乐观精神和勤劳勇敢的高尚品质。 有不畏艰险，为民除害的赫拉克勒斯；历尽艰险寻找金羊毛的伊阿宋；深入迷宫击毙诺斯牛，为民造福的忒修斯等。  Between Macedon （马其顿）and Thessaly （色萨利）of eastern Greece there stood a high mountain. Its cloudy top rushed into the very heavens. On the top of the mountain, the home of the gods was bathed in brightness. At Olympus Zeus （宙斯）ruled as the father of gods and men. Zeus was not a crude ruler by any standards. All the gods listened to his final words. But Zeus made them all sit on a committee of 12 members, including 6 gods and 6 goddesses. The first in the Olympian crowd sat Zeus himself. He was the overlord of gods and men and the operator of the thunderbolt.