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science” and “religion” constructing the boundaries:科学“和”宗教“建设的界限
“Science” and “Religion”: Constructing
the Boundaries
Peter Harrison / Bond University
Over the past decade, a number of historians of science have expressed
strong reservations about whether their particular subject of interest
actually has much of a history. Science, as the discipline is currently
understood, emerged only during the nineteenth century they tell us.
Prior to that, students of nature had thought of themselves as pursuing
“natural philosophy” or “natural history”—disciplines with a somewhat
different orientation from that of twenty-first-century science. This
claim has obvious ramifications for those whose concern lies with the
past relationship between science and religion, for, if it is true, such a
relationship cannot be older than the nineteenth century. Similar his-
torical sensitivities are evident in the sphere of religious studies, in
which increasing numbers of scholars have suggested that the idea “re-
ligion,” like “science,” is a modern development. “Religion” and the
plural “religions,” it is claimed, did not begin to take on their present
meanings until the seventeenth century. The notion that there are “re-
ligions,” distinguished by discrete sets of beliefs and practices and
linked by a common and generic “religion,” is actually a product of the
European Enlightenment. During that period, the acute need to arrive
at some criterion to adjudicate between different faiths led to the con-
struction of “religions” as sets of propositional beliefs that could be
impartially compared and judged.
In this article, I shall explore in some detail the historical circum-
stances of the emergence of the dual categories “science” and “religion”
with a view to showing their direct relevance for contemporary discus-
sions of the science-religion relation. As we shall see, to a degree both
categories distort w
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