英语口语素材 雅思托福必备.docxVIP

展开话题的几种方式枚举法枚举法也叫列举法，用这种方法扩展话题，首先提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述。表示枚举的常见过渡性连接词语有：first, second, third; in the first place, in the second place; first of all, first and foremost; to begin with, to start with; for one thing, for another; also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more; above all; next; beyond that; initially; eventually, finally, last but not least等。用枚举法来扩展话题，可以迅速理清思路，同时使论述的内容层次分明，脉络清楚。描述法描述法是话题扩展的一种常用手段，语段描述一般都是描述人、地方或物品的某个特点，并且语段的主题句往往表达说话人的总体印象。举例法举例法亦称例证法，它与枚举法有很多相似之处，唯一不同的是，用例证法展开话题时，主题句中提出论点，然后通过实际事例予以论证或阐述，而不是仅罗列一些原因或利弊。值得注意的是，要求所选的事例能很好地支持主题句中的论点。表示举例的常见过渡性连接词语有：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as, such, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take …as an example等。举例法是通过具体的实例来阐述论点，使该法来支持或反对某一观点。比较对照法比较对照法是阐述话题主旨的常用方法之一。比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但两者往往一起使用，以阐述两者或更多事物间的异同。比较描述的是所比对象的相同和相似点，而对照则强调所描述对象的不同点，甚至相反之处。比较对照的结构有多种，可以先集中描述甲A、甲B、甲C……；乙A、乙B、乙C……；也可以是甲乙方同时逐点描述：甲A、乙A；甲B、乙B……常用的表示比较的过渡性连接词语有：similarly, likewise, correspondingly, in a similar way, in the same way, too, like, resemble, similar to, equal to, equally important, both…and…, the same as等。常用的表示对照的过渡性连接词语有：on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in contrast to, in sharp contrast, conversely, otherwise, however, nevertheless, but, yet, although, even though, whereas, while, it is true…but…, instead, unlike, rather than, in spite of, contrast with, different from, contrary to, differ from, though等。因果法因果法经常用以阐述原因，回答为什么这类问题，分析事物发展的前因后果。因果关系的普遍性决定了因果关系的复杂性，通常因果模式有一因一果，一因多果、一果多因和因果链等，而以因果方式扩展话题时通常采用先因后果或先果后因的一因多果或一果多因模式，其中的多因或多果又常以枚举方式列举。常用的表示因果关系的过渡性连接词语有：（因）because, as, since, for, owing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the first reason, result from; （果）thus, so, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a result, as a consequence, it follows that …, result in, contribute to等。描述人物外貌的有关词汇averag