《语言学概论讲课稿》.ppt.pptVIP

5.2 Directives Trying to get the hearer to do something, e.g. I order you to leave right now. Open the window, please. Your money or your life! 5.3 Commissives Committing the speaker himself to some future course of action, e.g. I promise to come. I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail. 5.4 Expressives Expressing the speaker’s psychological state about something, e.g. I’m sorry for being late. I apologize for the sufferings that the war has caused to your people. 5.5 Declarations Bringing about an immediate change in the existing state or affairs, e.g. I now appoint you chairman of the committee. You are fired. I now declare the meeting open. Note: (1) All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose but differ in their strength or force, e.g. I guess / am sure / swear he is the murderer. Note: (2) In order to get someone open the door, we can choose one from a variety of the forms in below: Could you open the door, please! Can you open the door! Do you mind opening the door? Open the door! The door please! 6. Principle of conversation (Paul Grice) Cooperative Principle (CP): According to Grice, in making conversation, there is a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. It goes as follows: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. Four maxims of CP 6.1 The maxim of quality Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 6.2 The maxim of quantity Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purpose of the exchange. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 6.3 The maxim of relation Be relevant ( make your contribution relevant). 6.4 The maxim of manner Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly. 7. Conversatio