[文学]Chapter 2 Phonology2.ppt

Procedure Revision Phonology and phonetics Phone, phoneme, and allophone Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair Some rules in phonology Suprasegmental features A philosophical principle Review questions 1.In what ways can English consonants be classified? 2. In what ways can English vowels be classified? 2.3 Phonology 音系学 2.3.1 Phonology and Phonetics语音学和音系学 1. Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. 2. Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Examples [l]: phonetical way phonological way The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language is very often language specific. E.g.: livre, stylo, Pascal in French (clear [l]) 2.3.2 Phone, Phoneme, and Allophone音素， 音位， 音位变体 1. Phone: a phonetic unit or segment; some distinguish meaning, some don’t 2. Phoneme: an abstract phonological unit of distinctive value that is represented or realized by a certain phone 3. Allophones: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments Explanation [p], [ph], [s], [t], clear[l], dark[l], dental[l], [u], [i] etc. /p/, /s/, /t/, /l/, /u/, /i/ etc. /p/: [p], [ph] /s/ /t/ /l/: clear[l], dark[l], dental[l] /u/ /i/ 2.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair音位对立，互补分布，最小对立对 1. Phonemic contrast: two phonetically sounds that are distinctive phonemes 2. Complementary distribution: the allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution because they do not distinguish meaning, but complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments. Minimal pair 最小对立对 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one