中国古代的控制理论.doc

中国古代的控制理论 摘 要 英国思想史学家阿克顿勋爵(1834-1902):“权力导致腐败,绝对权力导致绝对腐败。”失去监督的权力必然导致腐败，而如何有效地监督权力，又是一个长期困扰我们党执政兴国的难题。纵览古今，环顾中外，关于权力监督的理论和方法浩若烟海。对权力监督的高度重视、并基于当时的历史条件建立相对完善的监督监察机制，是我国古代皇权历朝得以巩固、封建社会千年得以延续的重要因素。 行政监察制度是国家政治制度的组成部分。其基本职能是对国家行政系统进行监督、视察、调控，以保证国家机器有序、协调和高效运转。中国历代封建统治者为了巩固封建专制统治，维护地主阶级的整体利益，继往开来精心擘划了一套完备而又严密的监察制度，并积累了极为丰富的实践经验。中国监察制度历史久远，延宕二千多年，从古代的御史监察、民国的监察院到现在的行政监察制度，这些珍贵的文化遗产仍有不可估量的政治价值、理论价值和社会价值。 在当前，由于历史和现实的原因，我国政府的行政权力容易被滥用，监督监察制度的作用的发挥受到了一定限制。民主政治的核心问题之一是建立有效的监督监察机制，使得人民群众有足够的力量监督国家公共权力，促使公共部门及其人员切实根据人民的意志和愿望进行公共事务的管理，从而保障社会的政治民主，维护人民群众的民主权利。在当今限制政府权力、保障公民权利已成为世界潮流的大背景下，限制掌握权力的人滥用权力已逐渐成为深入人心的理念。研究古代监督监察制度与皇权互动关系，进而从我国监督监察的体制、机制、法律、职能等方面，深入分析存在问题及原因，提出完善我国监督监察制度的基本思路和有效对策。 关键词 监督监察制度，皇权，权力制衡 ABSTRACT The British Thinker and historian of Lord Acton (1834-1902): power lead to corruption, absolute power corrupt absolutely.” It must lead to corruption without political power supervision. How to supervise the political power effectively is a difficulty which perplexes the governing party historically, there are many theories or methods on political power supervision both broad and at home. In our country, many emperors paid much attention to theological power supervision and set up relatively perfect institutions based on theocrat conditions in order to continue and solidify their imperial powers. The monitoring system makes up of the political system with other systems, which is used to supervise, inspect, regulate and control the national administration system, ensure the state machinery an orderly, coordinated and highly efficient operation. In order to consolidate the feudal autocratic rule and maintenance the interests of the landlord class, ancient Chinese rulers seriously designed a complete and tight supervise system, so accumulated much Practical experience. The Chinese supervise system experience a long history of about 2000 years; this prestige experience can still give inestimable political, practical and social values to us. At present