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Phonemes and Phonetic Variants
The distribution of speech sounds
the set of phonetic environments in which a phone occurs
in English, vowels preceding a nasal consonant
become nasalized
bead [bid] bead [b?n]
pit [phIt] pin [ph?n]
in English, voiceless stops –/p/, /t/, /k/ -in word-initial position become aspirated
top [thap] stop [stap]
pot [pht] spot [spat]
cop [khap] Scot [skat]
in English, voiceless stops –/p/, /t/, /k/ - in word-final position, at the end of an utterance, can be unreleased
mop [map?] Where’s the mop?
bit [bIt?] Can I have a bit?
pick [phIk?] That’s a nice pick.
in English, velar stops –/k/, /g/ - preceding a front vowel become palatilized
keep [?hip(?)] cop [khap(?)]
gate [gejt(?)] goat [gowt(?)]
in English, alveodental stops –/t/, /d/ - following a stressed vowel and preceding an unstressed vowel can be pronounced as flaps
b?itter [bID?]
b?idder [bID?]
1. Contrastive distribution
a pair of phones is contrastive if interchanging the two, results in a new word
the sounds occur in the same environment, and
contrast meanings - make different words
they are different phonemes
in English: /p/ vs. /b/ ( pat vs. bat
/p/ with its phonetic variants [ph], [p], [p(?)] is a distinct phoneme
in Hindi: /ph/ vs. /p/ ( [ph?l] ‘fruit’ vs. [p?l] ‘moment’
/p/ and /ph/are distinct phonemes
in English: /l/ vs. /r/ ( leaf vs. reef
/l/ and /r/ are distinct phonemes
2. Complementary distribution
two sounds in complementary distribution are in mutually exclusive distribution
the sounds always appear in different phonetic environments
phones in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme
in English:
/p/
[ph] aspirated in word-initial position
[p] unaspirated when following /s/
/k/
[?h] palatalized in word-initial position before a front vowel ( kit
[kh] aspirated in word-initial position preceding other vowels ( cop
[?] palatalized preceding front vowels ( skip
[k] in other environments ( Scot
/
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