[理学]有机化学Chapter2.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chapter 2 * Ionic Solute withNonpolar Solvent = Chapter 2 * Nonpolar Solute withNonpolar Solvent = Chapter 2 * Nonpolar Solute with Polar Solvent = Chapter 2 * Classes of Compounds Classification based on functional group Three broad classes Hydrocarbons Compounds containing oxygen Compounds containing nitrogen  = Chapter 2 * Hydrocarbons Alkane: single bonds, sp3 carbons Cycloalkane: carbons form a ring Alkene: double bond, sp2 carbons Cycloalkene: double bond in ring Alkyne: triple bond, sp carbons Aromatic: contains a benzene ring  = Chapter 2 * Compounds Containing Oxygen Alcohol: R-OH Ether: R-O-R Aldehyde: RCHO Ketone: RCOR = Chapter 2 * Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH Acid Chloride: RCOCl Ester: RCOOR Amide: RCONH2 = Chapter 2 * Compounds Containing Nitrogen Amines: RNH2, RNHR, or R3N Amides: RCONH2, RCONHR, RCONR2 Nitrile: RCN = Chapter 2 * End of Chapter 2 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chapter 2 * Chapter 2Structure and Propertiesof Organic Molecules Chapter 2 * Wave Properties of Electrons Standing wave vibrates in fixed location. Wave function, ?, mathematical description of size, shape, orientation Amplitude may be positive or negative Node: amplitude is zero + _ + - = Chapter 2 * Wave Interactions Linear combination of atomic orbitals between different atoms is bond formation on the same atom is hybridization. Conservation of orbitals Waves that are in phase add together.Amplitude increases. Waves that are out of phase cancel out.  = Chapter 2 * Sigma Bonding Electron density lies between the nuclei. A bond may be formed by s-s, p-p, s-p, or hybridized orbital overlaps. The bonding MO is lower in energy than the original atomic orbitals. The antibonding MO is higher i