系统功能语言学课件二.ppt

Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguisitcs Chapter Four: cohesion Theme and Information Structure There should also be some mechanisms or devices that can relate one clause or clause complex to other clauses or clause complexes. This can not be achieved by grammatical structures. The device that relate clauses and clause complexes together to form a text is a non-structural resource called cohesion. There are altogether four ways by which cohesion is created in English: by reference, ellipsis and substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Strata and Units Content vs expression：Sem + gra vs ph Units of analysis Grammar Clause Group Word Morpheme Phonology: Tone group; foot; syllable, phoneme Defining discourse semantics Semantics Three kinds of meanings Discourse Meaning and clause structures. Texture: cohesive tie Coherence: situational, generic, textual Cohesion: reference, substitution and ellipsis, conjunction, lexical cohesion The Cohesive Devices The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. Cohesion occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another In English cohesion is expressed by the following grammatical and vocabulary devices: reference （照应）, ellipsis（省略）, substitution（替代）, conjunction（连接）, and lexical cohesion（词汇衔接）. Reference 2.1.1 Endophoric and Exophoric Reference Look at the following examples first: (1) A: ‘Why are you looking at me like that?’ ‘Say something, will you!’ ‘Open your mouth and say what you’ve got to say!’ B: ‘Bill, what would you do if one of the gang went out at night and told someone all about us, and what we’d gone? What would you do to him?’ A: ‘I’d smash his head into little pieces,’…. (2) ‘Why are you looking at me like that?’ asked Sikes, uneasy at the old man’s strange expression. Fagin raised his head, but his passion was so great that he could not speak. ‘Say somethin