语言学82352617.doc

Part?1 Design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc. 本质特征：决定了我们人类语言性质的特征被称为本质特征，包括任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性、文化传播性等等。 ?★Commuication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language? (Ex. 7) Less arbitary, lack duality, less creative, limited repertoire, emotional-oriented.身体语言和面部表情不像人类语言那样具有任意性和创造性，它不具有二层性，只有有限的指令，并且是感情导向的。 ?★Do you agree with the view that no language is especially simple? ?Yes. All human languages are complicated systems of communication. This is decided by their shared design features. 是。所有的人类语言都是复杂的交流系统，这是由它们所共有的符号特征所决定的。 ★Arbitrariness: the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.任意性指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。 [1] Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning 语素的音和义之间的任意性 [2] Arbitrariness at the syntactic level句法上的任意性 [3] Arbitrariness and convention任意性和约定性 ?★Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?你认为拟声词是形式和意义之间的非任意的联结吗？ Not really. Onomatopoeia is at most suggestive of the natural sounds they try to capture. They are arbitrary as signifiers. 并非如此，拟声至多提示了它们所要表达的自然声响，而它们作为能指是任意的。 ?★A story by Robert Louis Stevenson contains the sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” Could this be expressed “As the wind rose, the night fell?” If not, why? Does this indicate a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order? Yes. Changing the order of the two clauses may change the meaning of the sentence, because clauses occurring in linear sequence without time indicators such as “before” or “after” will be taken as matching the actual sequence of happening. 这反映了词序的非任意性。改变两个小句的顺序会改变句子的意思，因为小句如果只是按线形排列而无时间词提示，如“before”或“after”，我们就认为，它表达了实际情况的顺序。 ?★“By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such t