全球化差异II.ppt

当代全球商务之 第二部分：国家间的差异，尤其是 文化差异（Cultural Differences among Different Countries) THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE: ANALYZING THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 环境的挑战：分析国际环境 对全球化进程中国际环境的分析 FREE TRADE AREA plus common (FTA): Member CUSTOMS UNION 关税联盟 COMMON MKT MERCUSOR 共同市场 NAFTA POLITICAL EU 自由贸易区 Economic Union: LEVELS OF ECONOMIC INTGEGRATION Free Trade Area Customs Union: FTA countries eliminate 经济一体化的水平tradeapolicy external trade barriers on trade 关税联盟：在自由贸易 among member 区的基础上采用共同的 countries 对外贸易政策 自由贸易区：成员国 ECONOMIC UNION 之间消除贸易壁垒 经济联盟 Greater integration 更高的一体化 UNION 政治联盟 Common Market: Customs Union that also allows free movement of factors such as labor and capital 共同市场：允许劳动力 和资本等生产要素自由 流动的关税联盟 ANDEAN PACT Common Market wherein national economic policies of member countries are also harmonized 经济联盟：各成员国的 经济政策共同协商的共 同市场 CASE FOR INTEGRATION 一体化的情况 Economic经济 • Stimulates economic growth in countries • 刺激各国经济增长 • Countries specialize in those goods and services efficiently produce. • 各国专攻生产效率高的产品和服务 • Additional gains from free trade beyond the international agreements such as GATT and WTO • 各国从自由贸易中获得更多利益，超出了关 贸总协定和世贸组织等国际协议 Political政治 • Economic interdependence creates incentives for political cooperation • 经济的相互依赖促使了政治上的协作。 – Reduces potential for violent confrontation. – 降低潜在的激烈对抗 • Together, the countries have more economic clout to enhance trade with other countries or trading blocs • 此外，各国拥有更强经济影响力，从而增强了与其他 国家或经济集团的贸易 DYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 经济一体化的动态影响 • Market extension市场扩展 • Economies of scale规模经济 • Capital investments leads to higher productivity