Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs参考.ppt

MARKETING MANAGEMENT12th edition 14 Developing Pricing Strategies and Programs Chapter Questions How do consumers process and evaluate prices? How should a company set prices initially for products or services? How should a company adapt prices to meet varying circumstances and opportunities? When should a company initiate a price change? How should a company respond to a competitor’s price challenge? Synonyms for Price Rent Tuition Fee Fare Rate Toll Premium Honorarium Special assessment Bribe Dues Salary Commission Wage Tax Common Pricing Mistakes Determine costs and take traditional industry margins Failure to revise price to capitalize on market changes Setting price independently of the rest of the marketing mix Failure to vary price by product item, market segment, distribution channels, and purchase occasion Consumer Psychology and Pricing Reference prices Price-quality inferences Price endings Price cues Table 14.1 Possible Consumer Reference Prices “Fair price” Typical price Last price paid Upper-bound price Lower-bound price Competitor prices Expected future price Usual discounted price Table 14.2 Consumer Perceptions vs. Reality for Cars Overvalued Brands Land Rover Kia Volkswagen Volvo Mercedes Undervalued Brands Mercury Infiniti Buick Lincoln Chrysler Price Cues “Left to right” pricing ($299 versus $300) Odd number discount perceptions Even number value perceptions Ending prices with 0 or 5 “Sale” written next to price When to Use Price Cues Customers purchase item infrequently Customers are new Product designs vary over time Prices vary seasonally Quality or sizes vary across stores Steps in Setting Price Select the price objective Determine demand Estimate costs Analyze competitor price mix Select pricing method Select final price Step 1: Selecting the Pricing Objective Survival Maximum current profit Maximum market share Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership Step 2: Determining Demand Price sensitivity Estimating demand curves Price