GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)参考.doc

目录 Subject-verb agreement 1 Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist. 1 Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together. 1 Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number 1 Additive phrases 1 Or, either…or, neither…nor: nearest 1 Collective nouns: almost always singular 1 Indefinite pronouns: usually singular 1 SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; 1 Each and every 2 Quantity words and phrases 2 Subject phrases and clauses: always singular 2 Parallelism 2 Parallel markers 2 Parallel elements 2 You can split apart the expressions: 3 Parallel clauses should start with the same word 3 Lists with AND 3 Idioms with parallel structure 4 Superficial parallelism vs. actual parallelism 4 Watch out for linking verbs 4 Treat any linking verb as a parallel market. 4 And they have to make sense. 4 Pronoun 5 Antecedent must exist: as a noun 5 Antecedent and pronoun must make sense together 5 The antecedent must be unambiguous 5 The antecedent and pronoun must agree in number 5 Pronoun case 5 Watch out for parallelism 5 ’s is often poor antecedent 6 The deadly five: it, its, they, them, their 6 This, that, these, and those 6 Adjectives: 6 New copy 6 Agree in number with previous version 6 This, these, that, and those cannot be used as nouns. 6 Modifiers 7 Adjectives and adverbs 7 Adjective + adjective + noun 7 Adverb + adjective + noun 7 Noun modifiers 7 Misplaced modifier 8 Dangling modifier 8 Modifiers have to make sense. 8 Noun modifiers with relative clause 8 Essential vs. non-essential noun modifiers 9 Verb modifiers 9 Verb tense, mood and voice 9 Tense 9 Simple tense 9 Progressive tense 10 Keep verb tense consistent 10 Present perfect: still in effect 10 Past perfect: the earlier action 10 Tense sequence 10 The subjunctive mood 11 Hypothetical subjunctive 11 If…then constructions 11 The command subjunctive 11 Active voice vs. passive voice 12 Comparisons 12 Keeping comparisons parallel 12 Comparisons must be logically parallel 12 Comparisons must be stru