欧洲文化入门No3(Realism)(学习资料).pptx

REALISM; Ⅰ General Introduction;What is Realism? Realism named critical realism. In art and literature the term realism is used to identify a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. Stendhal(司汤达） Gustave Courbet (居斯塔夫 库贝尔）;“A novel is a mirror walking along the road” This idea of literature mirroring the real life was advanced in opposition to the then prevailing romanticism. ;A sense realism meant doing away with the artificiality of academic art and looking at the world honestly, straightforwardly , and from the personal experience. He said: I cannot paint an angel, because I have never seen one. His attitude towards the real world was strikingly uncompromising. ;The historical background The realist movement was greatly influenced by the development of science in the 19th century. The 19th century is the century of greatest change in the history of Western civilization. Great social and economic change: Germany and Italy achieved their unification, the predominance of France was broken and Great Britain ruled the sea. Severe problem by 3groups 1 liberals 2 nationalists 3 socialists ;1 Want political reform based on the ideals of the French Revolution 2 Voting rights for the property owners, protection of private property 3 Freedom of speech ;Wanted political independence for nationalities The Norwegians did not want to be part of Sweden. The Poles and Finns did not like to be ruled by Russia. Germans, Hungarians and Italians did not want to be dominated by the Austrians.;The European Communist movement, armed with Marxist thought, made fierce attacks on the concept of private ownership on which the capitalist system was based.;Round about the 1830s, in France, Portugal and Russia, liberals, nationalists and socialists led several revolutions, but most of them failed. In 1848 there again revolution throughout Europe and once again the revolution started in France, but th