组织的经济学与管理学（英文）ch02_Positioning教材教学课件.ppt

Chapter 2 Positioning George Hendrikse;Figure 2.1: Scheme of thought;Figure 2.2: Behavioural assumptions and organisation theories;Views of the firm Technological Contractual / judicial Psychological Sociological Biological Holistic;Game theory A unified analytical structure for studying all situations of conflict and cooperation or A tool for modelling multiperson decision situations ;Non-cooperative game theory;1. Players;2. Actions / strategies;Possible strategies of the government are: (I, I) (I, N) (N, I) (N, N);3. Payoffs;;Equilibrium Nash equilibrium: a payoff maximising strategy for each player, given the choice of strategy of all other players.;Game representations;Environmental pollution game in strategic form;Determining NE in strategic form;Nash Equilibrium;4. Information structure;Firm;The oval represents an information set. Government does not know which action is taken by the firm when it has to decide.;A specification of an action for each observable history of the game or A specification of an action for each information set. ;What are the strategies of Firm and Government?;Government;NE determination;Conclusions;Subgame perfect equilibrium;Extensive form;Nash equilibria;Conclusion ;There is something peculiar about NE;Ann extracts a cookie from Frank (, i.e ‘Frank chooses C’) by threatening to run away (, i.e ‘Ann chooses R as a response to N by Frank’ which is represented by the strategy (. , R) ). ; No. If Frank chooses N, than Ann earns -5 when she chooses R; 0 when she chooses S. ;Subgame perfect equilibrium;Cookie extraction game;C;Examples of rules: Sport Payment schemes Elections Contracts Corporate charters …;Timing of decisions;McKelvey-theorem;Management implications of non-cooperative game theory