读心术与肢体语言学（英文）.ppt

NON VERBAL ISSUES IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION Martin Nakayama, 2008 LEARNING OBJECTIVES  After studying the material in this chapter, students should be better able to: 1. Be abele to define and discuss nonverbal communication. 2. Understand how verbal and nonverbal communication differ. 3. Discuss the types of messages that are communicated nonverbally. 4. Identify cultural differences in nonverbal communication. 5. Understand how nonverbal communication can reinforce stereotypes. 6. Define and give examples of cultural space. 7. Explain the relationship between cultural identity and cultural spaces. 8. Describe the dynamic nature of cultural spaces. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Behavior A few behaviors seem to be very basic, perhaps universal (particularly facial expressions—facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes) and innate (not learned). A. Nonverbal Codes 1. Personal space is the bubble that surrounds people, marking the territory between them. a. The size of a persons bubble depends on his or her cultural background. b. Differences in bubbles can create misunderstanding and even discomfort. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Behavior A few behaviors seem to be very basic, perhaps universal (particularly facial expressions—facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes) and innate (not learned). A. Nonverbal Codes 2. Some cultural groups are identified as contact cultures, and others as noncontact cultures. Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Behavior A few behaviors seem to be very basic, perhaps universal (particularly facial expressions—facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes) and innate (not learned). A. Nonverbal Codes 2. Some cultural groups are identified as contact cultures, and others as noncontact cultures. Other factors also influence personal space decisions, including gender, age, ethnicity, the context of the interaction, and the topic of discussion. Classifications of nonverbal communica