1句子成分与种类.doc

第二部分 语法篇 前言 随着新课程英语教学不断和国外教学理念的不断引进，功能交际教学的思想在英语教学界被广泛地接受，培养学生听、说、读、写能力以前所未有的重要性被提了出来。伴随着这一理念的推广，语法知识的欠缺会制约学生准确运用英语能力的发展。学生的听说能力表面上比过去强了, 但准确性上却存在着相当多的问题；阅读速度的确比过去的学生快了一些, 可读懂程度却不尽人意；在写作和翻译方面, 学生的水平从总体上不如以往的学生。学好语法不仅可以帮助学生掌握比较系统和完整的英语语法知识，打好学习英语的基础，进而培养优异的语言技能，而且还能使学生更容易运用语言规律去指导语言实践，提高运用英语的交际能力。 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 句子成分分类（subject）主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的是什么或是谁。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。We work in a big factory. The classroom is very big. 2、谓语（predicate） 谓语用来说明主语做什么、是什么或怎么样，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致。如： She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job. He can speak German. 3表语（predicative） 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 You look younger than before. My father is a teacher. Everyone is here. They are at the theatre. My job is to teach them English. Her job is training the nurses. That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday. 4、宾语（object） ⑴宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如： He never forgives others for their mistakes. He often helps me. He likes to sleep in the open air. The Americans enjoyed living in China. I believe that they can finish the work in time. We gave them some money. = We gave some money to them. 5、补足语(complement)英语中为了使句子意义完整，需要对主语或宾语进行补充说明，这就是补足语。补充说明主语的称为主语补足语。补充说明宾语的称为宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作补足语They made Li Lei their monitor. We can’t leave him alone. Mr. Li drove us home. We found everything in good order. The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. I often hear him read English in his room. She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework. I heard Mary singing in the classroom. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. Mr. Li has made the fact