刘润清《新编语言学教程》Syntax教学课件.pptVIP

The definition of syntax A subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. Specifically, it studies the combination of words to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 句法学简介 In generative linguistics, syntax, phonology and semantics are the major constituents of grammar. Syntax consists of various generative syntactical rules: s-rule，phrase rule and transformational rule. Syntactical construction is composed of syntactic classes and syntactic categories. Syntactical analysis is based on lexical items and syntactic relationships. Basic Concepts Constituent 组构成分: grammatical units that enter syntactically or morphologically into a construction at any level immediate constituent（IC）直接成分: constituents directly below the level of a construction ultimate constituent (UC) 最终成分: last level of constituents Advantages of IC analysis It helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions. e.g. The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son. It clearly demonstrates that sentences are not mere left-to-right linear sequences of elements. Instead, elements come into relationships of great complexity and varying kinds. (胡壮麟，P125-126) The son of Pharaoh’s daughter is the daughter of Pharaoh’s son =（1）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老儿子的女儿 =（2）The daughter of Pharaoh’s son 法老女儿的儿子 Disadvantages of IC Analysis 1. It results in technical problems due to discontinuous constituents. E.g. Leave + the book+ on the shelf. 2. It results in ambiguity problems. E.g. the love of God, the shooting of the hunters (胡壮麟，P128) Exercise Work in pairs to answer the question: What are the advantages and disadvantages of IC analysis? Basic components of a sentence Sentence ? Subject Predicate a referring expression comprises a finite