美国斯坦福大学化学系主任在科大报告.pptVIP

;Strategies For Successful Research:;The Road To Success;Can We Teach Problem Solving?;Background I;Background II;Problem-Solving TIPS;Some More Tips;What Do The Experts Say?;What Bodner Tells Us;More On What Bodner Tells Us;The Take-Home Message;One Problem-Solving Strategy: Working Backwards; We are interested in creating a problem-solving pathway that travels from the objective to the givens. Interestingly, the same strategy is often used in synthetic chemistry (E. J. Corey, Nobel Prize) and is called retrosynthesis. ;19;Travel Problem;;1. PROBLEM SPACE (all possible configurations) 2. PROBLEM STATE (the particular configuration) 3. Key to solving a problem is to choose the right OPERATORS (processes applied to change the configuration) 4. Problem solving is a search process: Each action takes us from one part of the problem space to another ;The problem solver compares the present situation with the goal, detects a difference between them, and then searches memory for actions that are likely to reduce the difference. ;And The Beat Goes On …;During the construction of a problem representation, certain features of the problem may activate knowledge in memory. A schema for that particular type of problem may then be activated. The schema is a cluster of knowledge related to a problem type. It contains information about the typical problem goal, constraints, and solution procedures useful for that type of problem. ;Gick’s Model of Problem Solving;What Is The Next Member Of This Coded Series? ;Still Another Approach;Thinking Outside the Box?;Objective: Draw four connected straight lines that pass through every circle in this 3 by 3 array of circles. ;Thinking Outside the Box?;Way Outside the Box?;Way, Way Outside the Box?;;;;;;Why in Subways Do More Escalators go Up than Down Whereas in Department Stores the Number Going Up and Down are Equal? ;A move consists of sliding one coin to a new position, where the moved coin must touch two other coins, and