实用业务教案第四册.doc

个Unit 1 Part 1 Practical Reading Preface to Air Pollution Control Equipment I. Difficult sentences (20’) 1. (Para.1) It was at the Indian Institute… where the first named author got …, who turned out to be… 1) This is a cleft/emphatic sentence(强调句) with a relative clause introduced by who. 2) According to Quirk et al (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, p1387):… wh-forms are rare in cleft sentence in comparison with that and zero. Although whose is allowed in cleft sentences (It’s Uncle Bill whose address I lost), whom and which are only marginally possible, and it is virtually impossible to use whom or which preceded by a preposition. Thus: It was the dog to which I gave the water Can be read only as a sentence containing a postmodifying relative clause(compare She was the woman to whom I gave the water), and not as a cleft sentence. Characteristic intonation is also different. It was the DOG I gave the WATER to(cleft sentence) It/That was the dog I gave the WATER to.(SVC sentence, where C is the italicized noun phrase incorporating a relative clause) From the above we could see that the typical cleft sentence pattern which is used to emphasize an adverbial is It is/was… that, and not It is/was… where/when. The last sentence in this passage is also a cleft sentence introduced by It is…that. 2. (Para.2) This book is addressed primarily to…engaged in the design… …addressed to here means directed to, aimed at. Here be engaged in… means be specialized in, modifying…engineers. e.g. The scientists are engaged in the design of the new system. 3. (Para.2) But it will certainly be helpful to chemists and physicists confronted with the solution of… Confronted with… is a past participial clause modifying the nouns chemists and physicists. e.g. I am confronted with the task of designing the bridge. 4.(Para2) Furthermore, it is intended as a textbook for… It is intended (as…) for a person or a purpose means it is pla