听力与阅读相关语言学理论二者关系及教学启示.ppt

Listening Speaking 1st Class Four language skills Listening Speaking Reading Writing Listening and Reading These two skills have something in common because they belong to a sort of problem-solving activity on the basis of forming hypotheses, drawing the inferences, and clarifying ambiguities ands uncertainties in the input. The aims of these two skills are similar. They generate the intended image from the input and to react appropriately. But we must know that the input here and the reactions of these two skills are different. differences The basic unit of written discourse is the sentence while the spoken discourse has the clause as its basic unit. In most written materials the author should strictly abide by the rules of grammar, whereas there are more ungrammatical forms in speech than in written discourse. The author should follow a logical sequence and display well-planned thoughts in written discourse, while spoken discourse is full of pauses, hesitations, false starts, and corrections, as well as fillers and even silent pauses. In conversations, the two parties can negotiate the meanings with each other, during which many things are left unsaid because they share common knowledge. But readers of a written discourse do not have any opportunity to negotiate the meanings with the author directly, this requires readers to have more information in order to understand the message well. The conversation may not have a definite topic, but there is always a definite topic for a well-written discourse. Listening and Speaking Oral communication is a two-way process between a speaker and a listener. Misunderstanding or poor understanding in listening may lead to breakdowns in communication. Speaker and listener are constantly changing roles in conversations. Speaking involves responding to what has been heard. Our ability to understand is more extensive than our ability to speak. Nature of listening Listening is important to the development of spoken language pro