毕业设计相关外文材料.doc

Estimating Hydropower’s Contribution to the Control of Greenhouse Gas Emissions ABSTRACT One of the environmental effects of hydropower operation that should be evaluated in licensing decisions is the general benefit to air quality. Hydropower’s contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is an increasingly important component of these air quality benefits. The Oak Ridge Competitive Electricity Dispatch (ORCED) computer model is one method that can be used to quantify these benefits. ORCED provides a relatively simple method that is applicable and cost-effective and that has been successfully applied in other GHG studies. ORCED can be used to calculate a region-specific value of the carbon intensity factor (CIF, kg carbon/MWh) that would be associated with likely replacement power (i.e., a regionally representative mix of coal, gas, and other energy sources). The project’s plant factor and operational mode (e.g, baseload versus peaking) can also be incorporated in the CIF calculation. The resulting parameter can then be multiplied by the energy output of the hydropower project that is being analyzed to estimate a CO2 emission value that is avoided by the project’s operation. Valuing Energy Production Hydropower’s contribution to GHG emission control is related to avoided emissions (i.e. emissions that would occur if hydroelectricity had to be replaced by another fossil-fueled energy source). The estimation of an appropriate value for avoided emissions is complicated, because there is not a single equation to calculate the emissions that are not produced at hydropower projects. The characteristics of avoided emissions depend on the type of power that is displaced by hydropower generation. If a kilowatt-hour were not generated at the hydro plant, what plant would have generated it? The answer depends on a range of factors: the time of day, the plants already on the system, the plants available, their variable costs, the type of fuel they us