怎样写生物学英语论文.doc

作文 How to write a report or paper 1. Topic or title or head. 2. Authors and their institutes. 3. Abstract 4. Introduction 5. Methods and materials 6. Results 7. Discussion 8. References or literatures cited. Abstract: The abstract is actually the first section of a report or paper, coming after the title and before the introduction. The abstract provides the reader with a brief preview of your study based on information from the other sections of the report or paper. Part 1. Abstract Order of typical elements included in an abstract: B=some background information P=the principal activity (or purpose) of the study and its scope M=some information about the methodology used in the study R=the most important results of the study C=a statement of conclusion or recommendation Order of information elements in reduced abstracts P + M = purpose and method of the study R = results C = conclusion and recommendation* * optional Abstract: Verb tense B Background information (present tense) P Principal activity (past tense/present perfect tense) M Methodology (past tense) R Results (past tense) C Conclusion (present tense/tentative verbs/modal auxiliaries) Part 2. Introduction The introduction serves as an orientation for readers of the report or paper, giving them the perspective they need to understand the detailed information coming in later sections. The introduction can be divided into five parts, or stages. In Stage Ⅰ, the author establishes a context, or frame of references, to help readers understand how the research fits into a wider field of study. Stage 1. Establish a setting for your research topic. Stage 2. Review the findings of other researchers who have already published in your area of interest. For this reason, Stage 2 is called the review of literature. Stage 3. Indicates an area that is not treated in the previous literature, but that is important from the point of view of your own work. Stage 4. Formally announces the purpose