模具设计外文翻译---塑料成型过程.doc

外文翻译原文 Plastics forming processes There is a wide range of processing methods that may be used for plastics. Nevertheless, they all involve three or four basic stages: softening, shaping, solidifying and cooling of the moulds (for thermoplastics only). Common materials for moulding processes are thermoplastics and thermoset polymers. Principal methods of processing thermoplastics include extols ion, blow moulding, rotational moulding, thermoforming and injection moulding; but as for thermosets, compression, transfer and reaction injection moulding are frequently used. 1 Extrusion Extrusion is one of the most important forming processes for the reason that pellets, which are used for many other moulding processes, are normally produced by this process. In fact, some moulding processes are post-extrusion operations, such as blow moulding and thermoform moulding. Extnlsion is basically a process of continuously shaping a fluid polymer through the orifice of a die, and subsequently solidifying it into a product of a uniform cross-section. An extruding machine may have one or two screws, or no screw (screwless). Single-screw extruders, as seen in Figure 1, are the most commonly used machines. Screwless (ram) extruders allow a precise control of the melt flow rate and are gaining popularity. They are particularly suited for high viscosity. In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the use of twin screw extruders. These machines permit a wider ranger of possibilities in terms of output rates, mixing efficiency and heat generation. They are, however, considerably more expensive.Common extrusion products include filaments of circular cross-section, profiles of irregular cross-section, axisymmetric tubes and pipes, and flat products such as films or sheets. Almost all types of intricate cross-sectional shapes with large lengths are made by extrusion moulding, which many other discrete forming processes, such as compression,