[外语学习]ch06.ppt

An Introduction to International Economics Chapter 6: Nontariff Barriers and the Political Economy of Protectionism Dominick Salvatore John Wiley Sons, Inc. Nontariff barriers to trade The previous chapter explored the effect of tariffs as barriers to international trade. This chapter extends this discussion by considering the effects of barriers to trade other than the tariff such as: Quotas Voluntary export restraints (VERs) Regulations Export subsidies Dumping Nontariff barriers to trade The previous chapter explored the effect of tariffs as barriers to international trade. This chapter extends this discussion by considering the effects of barriers to trade other than the tariff such as: The growth of these nontariff barriers is important as they have grown in use in recent years and their effects are typically not as transparent as with a tariff. This increases the opportunity for hidden protectionism. Concerns about quotas The initial effects of a tariff and a quota are similar. The effect of market changes Changes in domestic supply or demand alter imports with a tariff. Since imports are fixed with a quota, the quantity of imports does not change with market changes. Concerns about quotas The initial effects of a tariff and a quota are similar. The effect of market changes The effect of imperfect competition By introducing a numerical limit on imports, quotas limit the competition faced by domestic producers. This better allows domestic producers to exploit their monopoly power. Concerns about quotas The initial effects of a tariff and a quota are similar. The effect of market changes The effect of imperfect competition The allocation of the quota rents is ambiguous If the government auctions off the licenses, it should capture the quota rent. If the allocation of the quota rent is arbitrary, it is possible that a portion of the quota rent will be lost to the society. Voluntary export restraints A voluntary export restraint exists when the exporting nation