托福阅读 主旨题summary.doc

段落主旨题 ? ? 一、主旨=主题+方向+关系词（“无词阅读法”三要素） ? 二、变速阅读：精读首句（主题+方向），浏览全段（关系词） 《新概念4册》第二课： Why you may wonder should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. … 主旨=主题（spiders）+方向（friends）+关系词（because, and） ? 三、中英思维方式差异： ? ? 图A：汉语族人的思维方式　　　　图B：英语族人的思维方式Save the best for the last　Say what you want to say, then say why What Do Whales Feel? Some of the senses that we and other torrential mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neural pathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary. ? The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animal’s responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freer-ranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there. ? The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater ? specifically a gray whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whale studied and filmed off