文体学表面偏离 -语言的变异.ppt

Principles of Stylistics There are three major principles of stylistics they are: Foregrounding, Norm and Deviation. 文体学的一个基本观点就是：“风格是对常规的变异（Style is the deviation from the norm.）。” 变异的目的在于造成一种突出(foregrounding). 所谓变异，就是不符合语言的常规。诗人为了各种目的经常可以不受习惯用法的约束，大胆创新，这就导致他们突破语言的常规，形成各种各样的变异。美国现代诗人卡明斯(e. e. cummings)大量应用变异的手法，写了很多独具一格、他自称为“画诗”(Poem picture)的奇特的诗，因此要读懂就必须理解其中的变异手法。 Osgood defines style as norm and deviation. A norm is the common practice or acceptable usage in language. It is what is permissible within the rules governing the use of language. For instance all human normal human beings have two legs each. It is the norm and anything contrary to this is a deviation. Deviation is a departure from general order. It is the deliberate violation of the norms. Every use of figure of speech could be seen as deviation. 偏离常被理解为对标准变体、或者以上层社会群体所说的语言为基础的常规的违背。它的研究发轫于亚里士多德的《诗学》,但是对这种文体现 象 作 了 系 统 归 纳 的 是 英 国 的 Geoffrey Leech。 Leech区分了词汇偏离、语法偏离、语音偏离、字音偏离、语义偏离、方言偏离、语域偏离、历史时代的偏离和外来语的掺杂等九种偏离类型。 Norms Norm is an established pattern within a text. The norm of language as a whole is solely concerned with linguistic levels of language, such as the grammar, phonology, lexical structure and graphology. There are different types of norms. They are: General norm, authorian norm and lexical norm. General norm: This means in effect when writing we must observe the norms that relate to that type of text. If you are writing a poem, certain norms must be observed e.g. using verses, starting each line with capital letter, rhyming pattern especially in conventional writing. The Sonnets has a norm that it has to be fourteen lines divided into octave and sestet. Authorian norm This is the norm the author has created by himself. Example is E. E. Cummings does not use capital letter at all and he does not use punctuation marks. Deviation Deviation is the breaking of rules which others obey. Poetry as a genre is a deviation from the ordinary language, though, despite the poetic deviation, po