词汇学Chapter_2_the_development_of_the_English_vocabulary幻灯片.ppt

French It is estimated that about ? of modern English vocabulary has come from French. The French influence came in two waves, first that of the Normans, second that of the Parisian. Norman French words were naturalized in English and made to conform to the rules of English pronunciation. Parisian French keep their distinct French features. Scandinavian Many of these were basic and everyday words, often displacing original English ones. Many commonly used words relate to birds, fish, animals and farming. Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary 3 main sources of new words: The rapid development of modern science and technology Social, economic and political changes; The influence of other cultures and languages green revolution: A significant increase in agricultural productivity resulting from the introduction of high-yield varieties of grains, the use of pesticides, and improved management techniques. 绿色革命：通过引进高产良种、施用农药和改进管理技术而使农业生产力有显著地提高 astrobiology/ space biology The branch of biology that deals with the search for extraterrestrial life and the effects of extraterrestrial surroundings on living organisms.Also called 宇宙生物学：宇航生物学；生物学的分支，寻找地球外生命并研究地外环境对活的有机体之影响的科学. space shuttle n. A reusable spacecraft with wings for controlled descent in the atmosphere, designed to transport astronauts between Earth and an orbiting space station and also used to deploy and retrieve satellites. 太空船;一种可重复使用的航天器，机翼可控制在大气中降落。该航天器用于在地球和运行轨道间运送宇航员，同时也用于部署和回收卫星 earthrise: The rising of the earth above the horizon as seen from the moon. 地出从月球上看到的地球从地平线上升起的现象 parking orbit: A temporary orbit for a spacecraft. 中继轨道宇宙飞船临时的轨道 retrovirus: Any of a group of viruses, many of which produce tumors, that contain RNA and reverse transcriptase, including the virus that causes AIDS. 逆转录酶病毒一种病毒，大多数会产生含有核糖核酸和逆转录酶的肿瘤，包括引起爱滋病的病毒 smart bomb A bomb that can be guided by radio waves or a laser beam to its target. 制导炸弹;可由无线电波或激光束引导投向目标的炸弹 irradiation Therapy or treatment by exposure to radiation.