词汇学课件ModernEnglishLexicology课件幻灯片.ppt

To the Danes and Northman the English vocabulary also owes a great deal. From these settlers, English adopted a surprising number of words of Scandinavian origin that belong to the core vocabulary today: they (them, their), both, ill, die, egg, knife, low, skill, take, till, though, want, etc. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of French words into the English vocabulary. French adoptions were found in almost every section of the vocabulary: law (justice, evidence, pardon…), warfare (conquer, victory, archer…), religion (grace, repent, sacrifice…), architecture (castle, pillar, tower…), finance (pay, rent, ransom (freeing of a captive on payment)…), rank (baron, master, prince…), clothing (collar, mantle, vestment…), food (dinner, feast, sauce…) and many others. As an indication of the tremendous influx of French words, we may note that, discounting proper names, there are 39 words of French origin in the first 43 lines of the Prologue to Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. The revival of art and literature based on ancient Greek leaning, known as the Renaissance in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, opened up a new source from which the English vocabulary could be enriched. English has borrowed words from Greek through the medium of Latin and a smaller number direct, such as rhapsody, crisis, topic, pathos, stigma, coma, tonic, cosmos, dogma. From Greek also comes a wide range of learned affixes, such as bio- (of life, of living organisms), e.g. biography, biology chrono- (of time), geo- (of the earth), e.g. geology, geography hydro- (of water), e. g. hydroelectric, hydrant给水栓，消防栓 auto- (of oneself, autobiography; without help, independent of others, automatic) hemi-, hetero-, the other, the opposite, different heterogeneous由不同种类组成的, heterosexual异性恋的，异性爱的 homo-, the same, homogenous, homosexual mono-, one, a single, monosyllable neo-, new, revived, later, neo-classical -ism, -ise, -logy (branch of learning, b