普通心理学课件1-11北大张智勇GP06memory幻灯片.ppt

* Rehearsal and Levels of Processing Craik Lockhart (1972) Craik Tulving(1975) Structural Level (physical characteristics of the stimulus) Phonemic Level (simple characteristics of the language ) Semantic Level (meaning of the stimulus) * Representational Modes Paivio(1975) :Dual-code hypothesis 斑马－台灯，图片和文字，反应时 大多记忆内容以意义编码为主 Bower(1972) 对偶学习 视觉表征与否（建立意义） 记忆效果相差1.5倍 * 表象 * 4.4 How Information Is Stored In LTM Networks of Association Node Hierarchical Network Model Quillian(1968); Collins Quillian(1969) Spreading Activation Collins Loftus (1975) Starting of Activation: perception thought Nisbett Wilson (1977) Ocean-Moon Tide * 5 Memory as a Constructive Reconstructive Process Flashbulb memories Schemas and the Construction of Memory Schemas in Eyewitness Testimony * Schemas and the Construction of Memory Schema 特定情境或方面的有关知识。它组织信息并且指导获得新的信息。 Schemas affect the way people remember Influencing coding 不同人的视角不同 Influencing reconstruct data in memory Schemas and Retrieval Default values//Slots Frederic Bartlett(1932) * Memory and Eyewitness Testimony Loftus, Elizabeth F(1975, 1979) Leading questions and eyewitness report Presupposition How fast(stop sign)? Did you see a stop sign? “11月7日你在干什么？” * 6 Retrieval and Forgetting Recall/Recognition Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon * Encoding Specificity Principle Tulving Thompson(1973) 编码和随后提取的方式匹配，影响记忆提取 Retrieval cues Contexts Godden Baddeley(1975): Divers State-dependent memory Physical or emotional state can also provide retrieval cues * Forgetting Ebbinghaus(1885) forgetting curve Why do people forget? Decay Theory Interference Theory proactive/retroactive interference Motivated forgetting(repression) Childhood Amnesia * 7 How to Improving memory? Attention Elaboration and Encoding Chunking and Memory Span Imagery and Encoding method of loci peg methods (mental pegs such as numbers) Context and Retrieval Preacting SQ3R survey, question, read, recite, and review * Challenges to the Information-Processing Model C