普通心理学课件1-11北大张智勇GP07th-lan幻灯片.ppt

* 24 * 25 * 26 * 28 * 29 * 3. Language The system of symbols, sounds, meanings, and rules for their combination that constitutes the primary mode of communication among humans. * Main topics on language Language and Thought Transforming Sounds and Symbols into Meaning From Babbling to Bantering Nonverbal Communication Is Language Distinct to Humans? * 3.1 Language and Thought Hununoo (Philippines): 92 names for rice Gender/time phrase in English B. Whorf (1956):Whorfian Hypothesis Language shapes thought Thought shapes language Rosch(1973): Dani people for color(only two) The United States/These United States * 3.2 Transforming Sounds and Symbols into Meaning Elements of Language phoneme, morpheme, sentence(phrase), grammar Slips of the Tongue: Misplacing the Elements of Language(PDP) Surface and Deep Structure Transformational Grammar LAD, Language Acquisition Device Context and Meaning * 3.3 From Babbling to Bantering Babbling, One word, Two word, Telegraphic Speech Influences on Language Development genetic predisposition(Eimas, 1985) environmental influence Reinforcement(强化不到位、类似规律、造句) Critical Period for Language Development? * 3.4 Nonverbal Communication Intonation (tone of voice) Body language * Gestures Physical distance Auditory signals(nonverbal vocalizations) Facial expressions Touch or smell * * Is Language Distinct to Humans? Premack(1972): A chimpanzee, Sarah, learned a vocabulary of 130 plastic symbols. * 4. Some Concluding Thoughts * 1 * 2 * 3 思维：指心理上对事物的表征，及其对这些表征的操作(operating)。 思维或心理表征的单位可以是：心理表象，心理模型，概念或命题。 * 4 * 5 概念： 孟（309页）：概念是以词标志的同类事物的归类。 概念是对一类具有共同属性的客体、观念、事件的心理表征。 有的概念可以是视觉化的，但有的概念比其视觉表象更宽泛，有一些甚至难以视觉化。如，“忠诚”。 归类（分类）： 将等同的客体归组，排除其他不等同的客体的过程叫归类。 归类，是一个每时每刻都存在的过程。 有一些概念，如car, salt, triangle等，是定义清晰的概念，也就是说，他们有一些明显不同于其他概念的属性。 日常生活中的多数概念却不同，他们大都是模糊的概念，不容易清晰地界定其精确的特征集。如， good 对人/食物的含义不同（忠诚，敏感/味道不错）。 * 6 Hierarchies of Concepts 长时记忆中，以概念为单位的存储介绍过Quillian Collins的层次网络模型；Collins Loftus的激活扩散模型。 * 7 * 8 思维大多需要将概念彼此联结起来，形成一个有意义的形式，其中的一种做法