普通心理学课件1-11北大张智勇GP10motiva幻灯片.ppt

4.3 Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation Direction of a person’s enduring sexual attraction Homosexuality=sinful Common among educated men in ancient Greece. Western society: 2-7% men/1% women APA classified it as a disorder until 1973 Homosexuality is a sexual preference? Why homosexuality? Predictors Marked behavioral characteristics of the opposite sex in childhood(Green, 1987) Same finding in females(Whitam Mathy, 1991) Environmental factor Biological factor 注射一种物质导致黄体酮分泌(Gladue et al 1984) 同性恋男人下丘脑前部某神经核团和女人的一样小(LeVay, 1991) 孕期应激；基因差别。 4.4 Sexual Dysfunctions Quite common Inhibited orgasm in women Premature ejaculation in men Causes Physiological factors alcohol use, fatigue, hypertension, kidney disease Psychological factors anxiety, difficulty in a relationship 5 Psychosocial Motives Psychosocial motives Relatedness Attachment motivation affiliation Agency achievement power self-esteem autonomy mastery 5.1 Needs for Relatedness Attachment motivation Intimacy self-disclosure, warmth, and mutual caring Affiliation interaction with friends or acquaintances Social relationships and health Brown et al(1975): low depression House et al(1988): being ill and die earlier 5.2 Achievement and other agency motives Desiring to be competent and effective Kagan et al(1978): without parent’s rewarding in 2 yr. Achievement To do well, to succeed, and to avoid failure To choose moderately difficult tasks(Atkinson, 1977) Tend to work more persistently(Atkinson, 1977) Parenting, Culture, and Achievement Achievement imagery in stories and folktales Components of Achievement Motivation Achievement only in specific domains Elliott Dweck(1988) Performance Goals the outcome of a task Learning Goals increase competence, mastery or skill. Elliott Dweck (1988) Perceived Ability High Low Goals activated Learning Performance Work hard avoid failure Give up Work hard risk taking Work hard Risk taking Concluding Thoughts Driven by internal needs VS. Pulled by external stimuli? Motivati