普通语言学第9次课课件幻灯片.ppt

tone marking the range of the speaker’s voice, and the position and shape of the line attached on its left showing the tone change during the word. ②The fourth column (tone numbers) (调值)shows in numbers the movement of the tone contour(音高曲拱), with the lowest position being 1 and the highest, 5. A tone contour is a tone in a tonal language which shifts from one pitch to another over the course of the syllable or word. Tone contours are especially common in East and Southeast Asia, but occur elsewhere, such as the Kru languages of Liberia and the Ju languages of Namibia. 《普通语言学概论》第 9 次课第二章 语音学和音位学(5) 第五节 超音段特征 学习要点 1. 要正确地理解概念；理解概念是一切的基础。 1.1. 正确理解概念的文字表述。 1.2. 结合实例，加深对概念的理解。 1.3. 依据概念，加深对实例的分析。 2. 逐步建立属于自己的知识体系。 2.1. 发现概念(俗称“知识点”)之间的联系，将概念逐渐串连起来。 2.2. 通过越来越多的运用，将概念之间的联系更加理顺，逐渐建立属于自己的知识网络。 2.3. 运用知识网络，反过来加深对单个概念的理解。 3. 这是科学的学习方法，是可持续的，是着眼于未来的， 是能经受考验的。 还语音学和音位学以本来面目 —— 从语流和音段说起 ①If we listen to a foreign language we do not understand, it seems that the fluent speaker is talking in a continuous stream. ②However, no language is truly continuous. ③To convey discrete meanings, there have to be discrete units, and the first task in decoding a new language is finding out the discrete units. [P6，Para. 2] ①在兼具连续性和离散性的语流中，各个语音单位以先后顺序,呈线性组合,既相互粘连，又彼此相对独立。②为了科学研究，科学家对语流[呈先后 顺序的线性组合]进行切分，得到若干个大小不等的语音单位,它们都各占用一定的时间段,因此科学家称之为音段(sound segment/segment)。 音段,作为一种语音单位，是一个比较自由的概念，最小的音段是单独的一个音[因此，也叫单个音段]，较大的音段有音节、词、短语和小句及句子等。与音段类似、但更笼统的常见概念有“语音单位”。 当最小音段前后连缀起来组合成较大的音段时,这种较大音段所具有的性质会超越原来音段的线性组合,因而具有超音段的性质。 ①So far we have been dealing with the phonemes—sound segment[音段] that distinguish meaning. ②But distinctive features[区别性特征] can also be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments[音位音段]. ③The phonemic features[音位特征] that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features[超音段音位特征]; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and