计算机组织与结构课件全分单元Ch02章节幻灯片.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 6th Edition Chapter 2Computer Evolution and Performance 发展 性能 1.ENIAC 电子数字积分计算机 The world’s first general-purpose electronic digital computer Designed by Mauchly and Eckert Began in1943, finished in 1946 Weighing 30tons, occupying 1500 square feet, containing more than 18000 vacuum tubes, consuming 140 kilowatts of power, being capable 5000 addition per second The major drawback : programmed manually by setting switches and plugging and unplugging cables tedious 17 §2.1 A Brief History of Computers  G1: vacuum tubes 真空管 2.The von Neumann Machine Stored-program concept —Be developed by von Neumann and Turing —Program(steps of operating) can be coded and stored in main memory like data IAS computer consists of the following: —Main memory —ALU —Control unit —I/O Began in 1946, not be completed until 1952 Page 17 冯·诺依曼 3.Commercial Computers 商用计算机 In 1947, Eckert and Mauchly manufacture computer commercially IBM G2: transistors 晶体管 Table 2.2 Computer Generations The IBM 7094 —Series 系列 Page 24 G3: Integrated Circuits(IC) Fabricate(制造 ) an entire circuit in a tiny piece of silicon rather than assemble discrete components 把生产计算机的元件放在一个半导体芯片上 Microelectronics 微电子学 Moore’s law 摩尔定律 IBM “family” Page30 DEC “OEM” and ”BUS” Page 25 集成电路 Output Activate signal Input Boolean logic function Read Write Output Input Binary storage cell (a) Gates 门 (b) Memory cell 存储元 1.Microelectronics 微电子学 Literally “small electronics” 微小的电子技术 Function of computer elements See page 28 Fig 2.6 Page 27 A computer consists of gates, memory cells, and interconnections among these element. Four basic functions as follows Data storage — By memory cells(Main memory) Data processing — By gates(ALU) Data movement — Memory-gates-memory(I/O) Control — Read/Write(CU) Page 28 2. Moore’s law The number of t