branches and schools of linguistics文档文档.ppt

The Branches and Schools of Linguistics * Linguistics Linguistics is the study of human language in all its aspects. It provides a methodology for exploring the structure of particular languages; it investigates what is universal to all human languages: how language varies over time and between different societies, how language is learnt, and how language is used for human communication * Linguistics socially-oriented subject areas analytical areas of linguistics * socially-oriented subject areas Discourse Pragmatics Ethnography Psycholinguistics Historical Linguistics Sociolinguistics Computer Linguistics English for Special Purposes / Textlinguistics * Applied linguistics Anthropological linguistics Neurolinguistics Mathematical linguistics Biolinguistics * analytical areas of linguistics Phonology Phonetics Lexicology Morphology Semantics Syntax Structuralism discourse analysis * Phonetics and phonology - sounds and their written equivalents: In Phonetics, people conduct research on production and perception of speech sounds. In Phonology, researchers look for the rules of sounds. Phonetics is physical sounds while Phonology is abstract of sounds. * Lexicology is concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents, including their meaning, words elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. * Morphology - minimal units of meaning, and the way they are combined to form words. For some languages, like English and German, the emphasis is on constructing lexical items out of different morphemes.? In others, like Portuguese, there is more interest in showing the syntactic nature of certain morphemes * Semantics - the analysis of meaning in language.? Traditionally semantics used to focus on the lexicon.? In this sense, general dictionaries deal with lexical items, synonym dictionaries and thesauri deal with lexical sets in specific dictionaries. Thes