endocrine fgfs evolution, physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacotherapy：内分泌生理学，病理生理学，fgfs的演变，及药物治疗推荐.pdf

Review published: 29 September 2015 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00154 endocrine FGFs: evolution, physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacotherapy 1 2 2 Nobuyuki Itoh *, Hiroya Ohta and Morichika Konishi 1Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, 2 Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan The human fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family comprises 22 structurally related poly- peptides that play crucial roles in neuronal functions, development, and metabolism. FGFs are classified as intracrine, paracrine, and endocrine FGFs based on their action mechanisms. Paracrine and endocrine FGFs are secreted signaling molecules by acting via cell-surface FGF receptors (FGFRs). Paracrine FGFs require heparan sulfate as a cofactor for FGFRs. In contrast, endocrine FGFs, comprising FGF19, FGF21, and FGF23, Edited by: require α-Klotho or β-Klotho as a cofactor for FGFRs. Endocrine FGFs, which are specific Peter Blume-Jensen, to vertebrates, lost heparan sulfate-binding affinity and acquired a sys