Blowout and Well Control Handbook_08推荐.pdf

CHAPTER EIGHT THE UNDERGROUND BLOWOUT An underground blowout is defined as the flow of formation fluids from one zone to another. Most commonly, the underground blowout is characterized by a lack of pressure response on the annulus while pumping on the drillpipe or by a general lack of pressure response while pumping. The underground blowout can be most difficult, dangerous, and destructive. It can be difficult because the conditions are hidden and can evade analysis. Often, the pressures associated with an underground blowout are nominal, resulting in a false sense of security. It can be dangerous because some associate danger with sight. In many instances there is no physical manifestation of the underground blowout. If a well is on fire or blowing out at the surface, it commands respect. However, if the same well is blowing out underground, it is more easily ignored. Since the underground blowout is not seen, it is often not properly respected. If the flow is to a shallow formation (less than 3000 feet), there is a very real possibility the flow will fracture to the surface. This possibility is greater in young sediments such as those common to coastal areas and offshore. At a location in Bolivia, the flow broached to the surface and cre- ated a crater more than 100 meters in diameter (Figure 8.1). At least one wellhead, a workover rig, mud tanks, and several pump trucks disappeared into the crater and were never recovered. Shallow underground blowouts in offshore operations can be even more dangerous. There is no place to run. If the flow fractures to the surface, the only safe getaway from the well is by helicopter. If the sea is gasified, boats lose their buoyancy, as do life preservers. Another reason that shallow underground blowouts are more dan- gerous offshore is that the sedime