经济学英文课件.ppt

GRAPHING 1. Graphs of a Single Variable Pie Chart Bar Graph Time-Series Graph (a) Pie Chart (b) Bar Graph (c) Time-Series Graph 2. Graphs of Two Variables: The Coordinate System 3. Curves in the Coordinate System Demand Curve Shift Demand Curves 4. Slope 5. Marginal Change total utility all the benefit and satisfaction for the consumption of goods and services. marginal utility quantity changed of the total utility for adding one unit consumption 6. Consumer Equilibrium Principle of utility maximization that the utility as great as possible utility-maximizing choice consumer equilibrium Conditions of consumer equilibrium marginal utility per dollar spent MU/P = 50/6=8.33 7. Marginal Utility and Demand Price change Demand Income change Demand Price Effect Chapter 1 CHOICES: THE BASICS 1.1 INTRODUCTION Society What job will be done and who will do them grow food make clothing design computer software… Who will get the output of goods and service Who will eat caviar and who will eat potatoes; Who will drive Ferrari and who will take bus... 1.2 THREE CONCEPTS SCARCITY CHOICES OPPORTUNITY COST 1.2.1 SCARCITY Definition the limited nature of society’s resources. we seek to satisfy our many and varied needs and wants but our income is scare so we have to make choices about which needs and wants we will satisfy. Model an assumption + a constraint = a consequence NEEDS AND WANTS Needs: need to survive basic food, clothing, shelter Wants: would like to have but not for survive fast food, chic clothing, good music collection, tickets to rock concert… NEEDS Physiological needs to remain alive physically e.g. oxygen, water, basic food, shelter, refuge… Social needs to belong to the society e.g. TV set, radio, telephone… 1.2.2 CHOICE Time of students Income of family Guns and butter Efficiency and equity Time of students Income of family buy food, clothing family vacation retirement children’s college education Income wages or salaries interest profits dividen