Pub Talk and the King′s English 张汉熙高级英语第二册课件_精品.ppt

The Characteristics of Spoken English In pragmatics, much of what we learn comes from inference from the language, rather than from what is openly said. The extra meanings that we infer, and which account for the gap between overt sense and pragmatic force, may be called implicatures The Characteristics of Spoken English The term implicature was proposed by the philosopher HP Grice. He suggests that when people converse with one another they acknowledge a kind of tacit agreement 默契to cooperate conversationally towards mutual ends. This agreement he calls the Cooperative Principle. When one abides by the cooperative principle, one agrees to act according to various rules, or rather Maxims 准则. The Characteristics of Spoken English Grice has suggested four conversational maxims: 1. The maxim of quantity 数量准则 Give the required amount of information -- not too much or too little The Characteristics of Spoken English 2. The maxim of quality 质量准则 Do not say that for which you lack evidence or which you believe to be false. The Characteristics of Spoken English 3. The maxim of relation 关联准则 Make your contributions relevant to the purpose in hand. A: Im running out of ink. B. There is a shop round the corner. The Characteristics of Spoken English 4. The maxim of manner 风格准则 Avoid: obscurity不明, ambiguity 模棱两可 unnecessary prolixity 罗嗦 ? Exercise 9. The phrase the Kings English has always been used disparagingly or jokingly by the lower classes. 10. There still exists in the working people a spirit of opposition to the cultural control of the ruling class. ? Exercise 11. There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. 12. Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation. Synonyms ignorant, illiterate uneducated unlearned ignorant --- 无知 It implies a lack of knowledge, either generally or on some particular subjec