公司法与商法_Part_A_-_Chinas_legal_system.ppt

Laws法律 Laws, resolutions决议, orders enacted by the NPC and its Standing Committee. The NPC and its Standing Committee has the highest legislative authority. 法律是指由全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会制定颁布的规范性法律文件，即狭义的法律，其法律效力仅次于宪法。 Regulations行政法规 Rules regulations are enacted by State Council. Under the current Constitution, the State Council exercises the power of administrative legislation, the power to submit proposals, the power of administrative leadership, the power of economic management, the power of diplomatic administration, the power of social administration, and other powers granted by the NPC and its Standing Committee. 行政法规是国家最高行政机关国务院根据宪法和法律就有关执行法律和履行行政管理职权的问题，以及依据全国人大的特别授权所制定的规范性文件的总称。 地方性法规是指依法由有地方立法权的地方人民代表大会及其常委会就地方性事务以及根据本地区实际情况执行法律、行政法规的需要所制定的规范性文件。 Substantive Law实体法 Substantive law is a statutory law that deals with the legal relationship between people or the people and the state. Therefore, substantive law defines the rights and duties of the people, but procedural law lays down the rules with the help of which they are enforced. The differences between the two need to be studied in greater detail, for better understanding. 实体法是指规定具体权利义务内容或者法律保护的具体情况的法律，如民法、合同法、婚姻法、公司法等。 Procedual Law程序法 Procedural law comprises the set of rules that govern the proceedings of the court in criminal lawsuits as well as civil and administrative proceedings. 程序法是规定以保证权利和职权得以实现或行使，义务和责任得以履行的有关程序为主要内容的法律，如行政诉讼法、行政程序法、民事诉讼法、刑事诉讼法、立法程序法等。 Procedural Law vs Substantive Law Procedural Law Substantive Law Structure: Elaborates on the steps which the case passes through Deals with the structure and facts of the case Enforcement: Creates the machinery for the enforcement Defines the rights and duties of citizens Powers: No independent powers Independent powers to decide the fate of a case Application: Can be applied in non legal contexts Cannot be applied in non legal contexts Common Law普通法/习惯法 Common law is a legal system that is largely formed by the decisions previously mad