托马斯.A.普格尔_国际贸易_英语chap012.pptVIP

Chapter 12 Trade Blocs and Trade Blocks Outlines of chapter 12 Types of economic blocs Is trade discrimination good or bad? The basic theory of trade blocs: trade creation and trade diversion Other possible gains from a trade bloc Types of economic blocs Trade bloc??: A group of countries that have agreed to have low or no barriers on trade among themselves, while maintaining regular barriers to trade with countries outside the bloc. Free-trade area? custom union Common market Economic union Free-trade area a trade bloc in which the member countries remove trade barriers among themselves but each keeps its own separate barriers to trade with outside countries. Common union A trade bloc in which the member countries remove trade barriers among themselves and adopt a common set of barriers to trade with outside countries Common market a bloc of countries that have a customs union and also allow freedom of factor flows among themselves Economic union a bloc of countries that have a common market and also unify other economic policies Figure 12.1 – Types of Economic Blocs discussion Is trade discrimination good or bad? “stepping stone” （Joseph E.Stiglitz） or a “stumbling stone” （Jagdish.Bhagwati） Good sides: forming a customs union or free-trade area must be good because it is a move toward free trade Bad sides Forming the trade bloc may encourage people to buy from higher-cost partner suppliers destroying much gains from global trade Causing international friction WTO rules about trade blocs The basic WTO principle is that trade barriers should be lowered equally and without discrimination for all foreign-trading partner (MFN) But WTO rules permit some deviations from MFN under specific conditions One deviation is special treatment for developing countries Another deviation permits trade blocs invoving industrialized countries if the trade-bloc removes tariffs and other trade restrictions on most of the trade among its members, and if its trade barriers agains