欧洲文化入门精讲3.doc

The Middle Ages_Manor and Church In European history,the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The fall of the West Rome Empire marked the beginning of feudalism in Eurpoe. 在欧洲历史上，公元476年西罗马帝国灭亡后的一千年左右的历史时期被称作欧洲的“中世纪”。西罗马帝国的灭亡标志着欧洲封建制度的开始。 In the lattter part of the 4th century,the Huns swept into Europe from central Asia,robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes.在4世纪末期，来自中亚的匈奴横扫欧洲，掠夺和杀害了许多半开化的日耳曼部落。 Between the fifth and eleventh centuries,West Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions.公元五世纪至十一世纪，西欧世界战火连连，征战不断。 During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.The middle ages is also called the Age of Faith.欧洲中世纪时期，没有统一的中央政府来维护秩序，将欧洲各国联系起来的唯一纽带就是基督教。中世纪也被称为“信仰的世纪”。 The Middle Age is a period in which Classical,Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged.中世纪是古典文化、希伯莱文化和哥特文化的相互融合时期。 Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding—a system of holding land in exchange for military service.The word feudalism derived from the Latin means a grant of land.The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.欧洲的封建制度实际上是一种土地所有制度，这种制度可以使得拥有土地的人拿土地去换取他人的军事保护。feudalism一词是从拉丁字母来的，意即“大片的土地”。庄园是中世纪封建社会的生活中心，也是自给自足的自然经济单位。 In 732,Charles Martel gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service.公元732年，法兰克地区的一个叫查尔斯马特尔的统治者向他的下属分封采邑，感谢他们所提供的服务。 As a knight,he was pledged to protect the weak,to fight for the church,to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth.These rules were known as code of chivalry,from which the western idea of good manners developed.作为一个骑士，他得发誓保护弱者，捍卫基督教，忠于主人和尊崇贵族妇女。这些规则就是有名的骑士道，也是后来西方所谓的绅士风度的最早源头。 Knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.骑士们常有一些比武大会，起初主要是为了让骑士们能够适应未来的战斗。 After 1054,the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Chur