管理学 4_foundationsofplanning .ppt

4. Foundations of Planning Learning OutcomesAfter reading this chapter, I will be able to: Define planning. Explain the potential benefits of planning. Identify potential drawbacks to planning. Distinguish between strategic and tactical plans. Recognize when directional plans are preferred over specific plans. Define management by objectives and identify its common elements. Learning Outcomes  Outline the steps in the strategic management process. Describe the four grand strategies. Explain SWOT analysis. Describe how entrepreneurs identify a competitive advantage. Planning Defined Defining the organization’s objectives or goals Establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals Developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities Planning is concerned with ends (what is to be done) as well as with means (how it is to be done). Reasons for Planning  Criticisms Of Formal Planning Planning may create rigidity. Plans can’t be developed for a dynamic environment. Formal plans can’t replace intuition and creativity. Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s competition, not on tomorrow’s survival. Formal planning reinforces success, which may lead to failure. Planning and Performance Formal planning generally means higher profits, higher return on assets, and other positive financial results. Planning process quality and implementation probably contribute more to high performance than does the extent of planning. When external environment restrictions allowed managers few viable alternatives, planning did not lead to higher performance. Planning: Focus and Time Strategic plans Plans that are organization-wide, establish overall objectives, and position an organization in terms of its environment Tactical plans Plans that specify the details of how an organization’s overall objectives are to be achieved Short-term plans Plans that cover less than one year Long-term plans Plans that extend beyond five years Strategic