英语专业词汇学课件7the_minor_processes_of_word-formation.ppt

The minor processes of English word-formation Clipping or shortening: a method of shortening a word without changing its meaning. (gas, bus) 1.front clipping e.g. telephone, airplane, parachute, omnibus, hamburger, earthquake, caravan, periwig 2.back clipping e.g. advertise, photograph, examination, dormitory, mathematics, demonstration, laboratory, memorandum, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, Japanese, professor 3. Front and back clipping e.g. influenza, detective, refrigerator, prescription, inquisitive 4. Phrase clipping e.g. prefabricated house, public house, lubricated oil, popular music, zoological garden, permanent wave, high-fidelity, science fiction, three-dimensional film Initialism: a word formed from the initial letter of a word that make up a name. 1. alphabetism : if the letters which make up the initialism are individually pronounced, like COD, they are called alphabetisms or abbreviations . e.g. c/o, COD, EEC, UN, MIT, VIP, DIY,IOC,OAU,ISBN, GATT, GMT, UFO,TV, TB, ID, IT, IDD, RSVP,KGB 2. acronym: an initialism takes the first sound from each of several words and makes a new word from those initial sounds. e.g. NATO, UNESCO, UNICEF, OPEC, ASEAN, TOEFL, AIDS, DINK, SALT, WASP, radar,laser 3. Reverse acronyms: the creators start with a word they want as their name, say, CORE, and then they work from those letters to find four words which represent something like the idea they want to be associated with. e.g. MADD *according to their usage, acronyms may be subdivided into five groups: 1) the names of organizations e.g. RAF, TUC, NSC, NSF, AFL-CIO 2) the names of mechanisms e.g. NS, SST, ICBM, ERTS 3) scientific terms e.g. VTOL, DP, TLP, PLSS, ABD, TESL, TEFL, TESOL, ESP 4) the title of a technical or professional post: e.g. MA, PhD, DA, EE, A.E. and P, PA 5) semi-acronyms e.g. A-bomb, H-bomb, D-notice, V-day, E-mail Blending : a pro