西方文明简史_5.ppt

Roman Republic LECTURE Ⅳ Powers of the Western Mediterranean Carthaginians Greeks Etruscans Carthage /wiki/File:Carthaginianempire.PNG 800B.C., Phoenicians arrived in the western Mediterranean By the middle of 6th century B.C., Carthage became the center of an empire. Etruscans 7th century B.C., Etruscans dominated Etruria /wiki/File:Etruscan_civilization_map.png Between 6th and 5th century B.C., Etruscan cities were ruled by oligarchies. The republican institutions were the foundation for later Roman republican government. Latin Rome /wiki/Tiber_River By 7th century B.C., Latin villages that made up primitive Rome had begun fortifications. In the middle of the 7th century B.C., Etruscans absorbed Rome into their civilization, thus transforming it into an economic and political center of central Italy. Early Republic 509B.C., the Romans expelled the last Etruscan king and established a republic. Patricians were dominant politically, religiously and economically. Plebeians had no access to the governing class. Political Institutions Two consuls and other magistrates The centuriate assembly The senate The council of the plebs The tribunes Struggle of Orders The first half of the 5th century B.C., conflict between the patricians and plebs 450B.C., the Law of the Twelve Tables, recognizing the basic rights of all free citizens. Priesthoods, magistracies, the Senate, and the consulship were gradually open to the plebs. By 287B.C., laws passed by the council of plebs were binding all citizens. Roman Conquests By 264B.C., all of Italy was united. 265-146B.C. The Punic Wars (Carthage was destroyed as a result) Measures of incorporating the conquered Loyalty of the Roman farmer-soldiers Republican Civilization Incorporating the foreign gods Adopting and adapting the Etruscan alphabet—Latin alphabet. Roman Values and Attitudes Respect for authority Piety Practical Conservative Decline of the Republic Internal conflict between rich and poor Governing of the enormous empir