污染许可证.PPT

正的外部性 每年的研究 $ MPB MC MEB MSB = MPB + MEB R* R1 5-* 正的外部性:要求補貼的注意事項 補貼必須來自納稅人 市場不會總是失靈: 一個活動是有益的事實本身，並不表示補貼對於效率而言是必要的 政策觀點: 自有住宅 5-* 第五章摘要 當一個人或廠商的活動會在市場機制以外正面或負面影響其他人/群體/廠商時，外部性就會發生 資源分配無效率發生，是因為市場價格無法反映外部成本或利益 Coase 定理 指出在特定情況下，私人解決方法可透過談判達到有效率的結果 公部門解決外部性並達到效率的方法包括租稅/補貼; 排放費; 和 命令與控制管制 一個以市場為基礎、成本有效性、且為政府解決的方案就是總量管制與交易，在此之中，污染許可證 （即污染權）是可以被交易的。 5-* * * * * Axes and labels 1st click – MB 2nd click – MPC, Q1 3rd click – MD 4t click – MSC, Q* * * Axes and labels 1st click – MB 2nd click – MPC, Q1 3rd click – MD 4t click – MSC, Q* * * * Axes and labels 1st click – MP shifts up to MPC + cd 2nd click – Pigouvian tax revenues box * Axes and labels 1st click – MP shifts up to MPC + cd 2nd click – dashed lines fi, hj, and hf 3rd click = Pigouvian subsidy * Axes and labels 1st click – MSB 2nd click – MC 3rd click – dashed line and e* 4th click – f* and brown horizontal line * axes and labels for both graphs 1st click – MCB and dashed vertical lines, MCH and dashed vertical black line; horizontal dashed brown line and vertical dashed brown line 2nd click – 3rd click – dashed brown line and Bart’s dashed black line at 50 disappear 4th click – line at f = $50 wipes right 5th click – Bart’s tax payment 6th click – Homer’s tax payment * axes and labels for both graphs 1st click – MCB and dashed vertical lines, MCH and dashed vertical black line 2nd click – horizontal dashed brown line and vertical dashed brown line 3rd click – dashed brown line and Bart’s dashed black line at 50 disappear 4th click – line at f = $50 wipes right 5th click – Bart’s tax payment 6th click – Homer’s tax payment * axes and labels for both graphs 1st click – MCB and dashed vertical lines, MCH and dashed vertical black line; horizontal dashed brown line and vertical dashed brown line 2nd click – 3rd click – dashed brown line and Bart’s dashed black line at 50 disappear 4th click – line at f = $50 wipes right 5th click – Bart’s tax payment 6th click – Homer’s tax payment * * Axes and labels 1st