Memory--Cognitive-Psychology-IV-1--认知心理学.pptx

第四章 记忆的结构和模型;STRUCTURE AND MODEL OF MEMORY ;引言 ;THE INTRODUCTION ;艾宾浩斯对长时记忆的研究。 二战以前认为只有长时记忆； 短时记忆概念的提出； 感觉记忆的提出； 长时记忆的进一步分化：语义记忆与情景记忆。 关于记忆的结构现在较为普遍的观点： 感觉记忆—短时记忆—长时记忆 ;一、记忆的阶段理论 I: STAGE THEORY OF MEMORY ;（一）记忆早期研究;I: EARLY MEMORY RESEARCH;（二）两种记忆说;II: DUAL STAGE MEMORY MODEL;实验证据 EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE ;行为证据 THE BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE;结果分析;RESULTS ANALYSIS ;进一步验证;FURTHER VALIDATION ;实验检验1 THE EXPERIMENTAL TEST 1 ;实验检验2 EXPERIMENTAL TEST 2 ;（三）三种记忆说 III: THREE STAGE MEMORY MODEL;1、感觉记忆存在的证据 THE EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF SENSORY MEMORY;Sperling（1960）部分报告法;SPERLING (1960) PARTIAL RECALL METHOD;Sperling认为，被试看到的字母要多于报告出来的。照他的看法，在字母卡片呈现完毕后，被试有全部这些字母的鲜明的视觉图像，但是这些字母不能一下子全部报告出来，当被试报告第4个或第5个字母时，其余字母的图像就完全衰退或消失了，因而不能被报告出来。可以看出，上述实验与通常的记忆实验一样，都要求被试将记住的东西全部报告出来或者把尽可能多的东西报告出来。这种做法可称为全部报告法（Whole Report）。;Sperling believed that participants saw more letters than that they recalled. According to his view, after the letters card presenting, participants had a striking visual image of all the letters, but all these letters can not be recalled at one time, while the participants report fourth or fifth of letters, the visual image of the rest of the letters was recessed or disappeared, and therefore could not be recalled. As observed, the aforementioned research and usual memory research all requires subjects to recall all the memorized information or recall as much as possible. This approach can be called a full report method (Whole Report). ;部分报告法 PARTIAL (PART) RECALL METHOD;Sperling利用部分报告法所做的实验与前述实验的区别在于，他给字母卡片中的3行字母的每行都配以声音信号，给上一行字母配以高音，中间一行配以中音，下面一行配以低音，事先将这种配对告诉被试。要求他们在字母卡片呈现后，若出现高音，就应报告与之配对的上一行字母，其他信号同理。但是，每次呈现哪一个声音信号是按随机方式安排的，被试事先并不知道。实验时刺激卡片的呈现时间为50ms，然后立即呈现一个声音信号。; Sperling used part report method to do a similar experiment to his earlier experiment, the difference was that he gave voice signals to each of the 3 letter card rows. The characters on the above line were matched with the high pitch, middle row with the medium pitch, and the lower line with the bass, t