文体学课件8.ppt

Lecture Eight Speech Representation Representing Speech and Thought An introduction: An important preoccupation of modern stylistics has been its interest in the way in which speech and thought is represented in stories. Stylisticians are keen to examine the methods which writers use for transcribing the speech and thoughts of other people. While it is true that a great deal of what makes up a story is action and event, it is also the case that stories contain a great deal of reported speech and thoughts. The presentation of speech and thought is not straightforward. There is an array of techniques for reporting speech and thought, so it makes sense as stylisticians to be aware of and to have at our disposal a suitable model that in the first instance enables us to identify the modes used, and in the second, enables us to assess the effects in the ways these modes are used. The speech and thought model Introduction: The most influential framework for the analysis of speech and thought representation in narrative fiction is undoubtedly that developed by Mick Short and his co-researcher (1981). More recently much work has been carried out by stylisticains on the way speech and thought is presented in discourse genres beyond those conventionally classed as literary. In our lecture reference will be made principally to the introductory treatments of the subject in Leech and Short (1981) and Short (1996). Direct speech (DS) refers to the ‘baseline’ form against which other forms are often measured. In this mode the reported clause, which tells what was said, is enclosed within quotation marks, while the reporting clause is situated around it: before or after the reporting clause: 1)???? She said, ‘I’ll come here tomorrow.’ 2) ‘I’ll come here tomorrow,’ she said. Direct speech stands in contrast to an altogether more remote form of reporting known as Indirect Speech (IS): e.g. She said that she would go there the following day. Grammatical operations required t