科学研究方法与论文写作9.ppt

Scientific Methodology Scientific Paper Writing科学研究方法与论文写作 The Department of Ecology Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University Bao-Rong Lu The IMMRD format of a original research paper I = Introduction MM = Material and method R = Results D = Discussion The IMMRD format Introduction: What question was studied ? (the objectives of the study) Materials methods: how based on what the problem studied ? The IMMRD format Results: what are the findings ? Discussion: what do the findings mean ? An ABSTRACT should: Be viewed as a mini-version/review of the paper: Questions/problems Materials methods used Brief results Main conclusion An roadmap of “Introduction” Five stages of an Introduction: ordering your information Stage 1: General statements about a field of research to provide the readers with a setting for problems Stage 2: More specific statements about the aspects of the problems already studied by other researchers Stage 3: Statements that indicate the need for more investigation Stage 4: Very specific statement(s) giving the purpose/objectives of the writer’s study Stage 5: Optional statement(s) that give a value or justification for carrying out the study Class exercise Read the Introduction on the next 3 slides Decide if all stages are present and mark where each one begins and ends (It is possible that stages may be repeated or come in a different order to that suggested above) Case 1: Spatial distribution of litter microarthropods in a Chihuahuan desert ecosystem 1In most deserts of the world, transitions between topographic elements are abrupt and watercourses which are dry most of the time tend to dissipate their occasional waters within local basins. 2Occasional torrential (急流) rainfall, characteristic of most desert regions, washes loose debris (碎片) into watercourses or transports this material, depositing it in and along the shores of ephemeral lakes. 3These physical processes result in a redistribution of dead plant material (litter), affec